Please try uninstalling with the uninstaller located in Applications/Utilities/Adobe Installers. If you have the same problem again then please try downloading and installing the trial of Photoshop CS6. Once the trial is installed you can choose the License This Software option and enter the Adobe ID tied to your Creative Cloud account.
After several days of this annoying me and trying various different things, I finally found the solution!!
Open Terminal and run this command and it will reset the launch services to let it work properly.
/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Framework s/LaunchServices.framework/Versions/A/Support/lsregister -kill -domain locat -domain system -domain user
The problem began for me once I removed photoshop because the update kept failing. So I uninstalled photoshop cs6 using their uninstall script, and then re-installed it with the creative cloud application manager. From then on I could not "double click" on a .PSD to open photoshop directly, but "open with" would work. Very strange.. but the above command fixed it.
Here are some screenshots of the issue:
North America
Europe, Middle East and Africa
Asia Pacific